A CHRONOLOGY OF THE COMMON ERA

A CHRONOLOGY OF THE COMMON ERA
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Compiled from sources on the internet and edited by Dimitris Sivyllis

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YEAR C.E.	MILESTONES & EVENTS OF THE COMMON ERA	POPES in ROME	EMPERORS in ROME	PATRIARCHS in CONSTANTINOPLE	EMPERORS in CONSTANTINOPLE	MONARCHY, PRIME MINISTERS in BRITAIN	RULERS and PRESIDENTS of FRANCE	THE WORLD
	Birth of Jesus of Nazareth placed at 4 BCE
1	Common Era Begins	Anno Domini (AD) years begin to be counted							1
14	Augustus dies.		Tiberius						14
26	26-36 Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. John the Baptist is executed on orders from Herod Antipas. c. 26-29: Jesus of Nazareth travels around Judea and Galilee attracting discliples and crowds to his message of love and care for one another. Accounts of his disciples and followers, his parables and miracles, the opposition to his teaching, and his prophecies about his own fate, are collected by his disciples according to the oral tradition of the time.								26
29	Jesus of Nazareth crucified in Jerusalem Jesus' birth is estimated at 4 BCE; If the date for the death of John the Baptist is accurate at 26 CE, the crucifixion of Jesus must have taken place at 29 CE and he must have been 33 years of age. After the crucifiction, the Apostles begin spreading the teachings of Jesus, first in Judea and Galillee, then to the gentiles in Greece, Rome and elsewhere. The Apostle Paul (Saul) first uses the Greek word "Hristos" (Christ) to describe Jesus as the "Messiah" (Christ means Messiah in Greek) while preaching to the gentiles in Antioch. During the first decade after Jesus' crucifixion the church that grows in His name is split between those who follow James, brother of Jesus, and Peter, His favoprite disciple, who maintain that followers should abide by the Laws of Moses and be circumcised, and, the followers of Paul, mainly gentiles. Paul makes a passionate case at the First Apostolic Counsel for accepting gentiles into the faith but without forcing the Law of Moses to the letter upon them. Paul, arguably, is solely responsible for the fact that the teachings of Jesus, as told by Paul, reached the gentiles in Greece and Rome. Christianity, as it becomes known after the first decades, is seeded and will flourish within Judaism until the execution of James, brother of Jesus, and then among gentiles in Antioch, Athens, Ephesus, Corinth, Rome, Byzantium and elsewhere until the Third Century and subsequently evolve into a new religion in 325 CE with the establishment of The Creed of Faith. During the first two centuries of the Common Era Christian communities are established around the Mediterranean basin. The first Christians celebrate family suppers in memory of Jesus' Last Supper with the disciples before his crucifiction. This practice gives birth to the traditions which will eventually evolve into the Holy Litourgy (Mass) and the sharing of wine and bread to represent the Blood and Body of Christ. A tradition which culminates in the mystery of Eucharist (Communion) during litourgy, where it is believed that the offerings of wine and bread are transformed into the Blood and Body of Christ After the death of the Apostles Christian communities gradually develop their own separate theology, dogma and tradition, spreading the teachings of Christianity to all parts of the known world, throughout the Roman Empire. These rising variations on dogma and tradition will necessitate the First Oecumenical council which will be called by Emperor Constantine the Great, St. Constantine, in Nicea, near Constantinople, in 325 C.E. in order to proclaim one Creed of the Christian Faith.								29
36	Stephen the "deacon" is martyred; the Church scatters								36
37	Head of Christian Church at Byzantium (later Constantinople) named: BISHOP of BYZANTIUM Jonathon, a son of Annas (High Priest from AD6-15), replaces Annas' son-in-law Caiaphas as High Priest in Jerusalem. Paul makes his first visit as a Christian to Jerusalem. This follows his journey to Arabia and return to Damascus to preach (Galatians 1:17). Paul is forced to leave Jerusalem and goes to his home town of Tarsus (Acts 9:30)		Gaius (Caligula)	St. Andrew the Apostle					37
38	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM The conversion of Saul (later Paul) on the road to Damascus			Stachys the Apostle					38
39	Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, and his wife Herodias, are forced into exile in Gaul (France) by Caligula. Galilee and Perea are granted to King Herod Agrippa I to add to the territories already held since AD37								39
40	40-65 Missions of Paul and associates, especially to Gentiles The word Christians first used by Paul (Saul) to describe believers in Antioch AD40-50 - According to tradition, Matthew wrote the GOSPEL OF MATTHEW, originally in Aramaic.								40
41	King Herod Agrippa I is now granted Judea and Samaria by Claudius. The line of Roman procurators temporarily comes to an end. After just four years, Agrippa I's kingdom equals that of his grandfather, Herod the Great (37-4BC).		Claudius						41
42	Head of Christian Church at Rome named: BISHOP OF ROME Paul joins Barnabas to work with the established church in Syrian Antioch	1 St. Peter							42
43	Under Claudius, the Roman conquest of Britannia (Britain) begins								43
44	Herod Agrippa I, grandson of Herod the Great and son of the murdered Aristobulus is made king and granted Iturea and Trachonitis by his friend, the emperor Caligula. The territories were previously ruled by his deceased uncle, Philip. He is also granted Abilene, once ruled by Lysanias The apostle James, brother of John and son of Zebedee, is beheaded, and Peter imprisoned on the orders of King Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-3) King Herod Agrippa I dies suddenly in Caesarea (Acts 12:23). His son, Agrippa II, is too young to rule, and all the Jewish provinces return to direct Roman control. Roman procurators are again appointed over Judea. Of Agrippa I's daughters, Drusilla later marries Felix, a Roman procurator of Judea (Acts 24:24), and Bernice becomes a close companion of her brother Agrippa II (Acts 25:13)								44
45	AD45-50 - The LETTER OF JAMES is written, probably by James, brother of Jesus, sometime before the Council held at Jerusalem in c AD49								45
46	Paul's first missionary journey c AD46-48								46
47	47-48 Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus [Acts 13, 4-12]								47
48	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM AD48 or 49 - Paul may have written his LETTER TO THE GALATIANS around this time from Syrian Antioch, or on the way to the Council of Jerusalem; otherwise c AD56 or 57								48
49	Apostolic Council held at Jerusalem Paul's second Missionary journey c AD49-52								49
50	50-95 Books of New Testament written Emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome Herod Agrippa II is old enough to be appointed king of Chalcis by emperor Claudius								50
51	AD49-52 (range, 2 to 4 years between AD48-54) - Paul and Silas leave Syrian Antioch for the SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY. They travel through Asia Minor (present day Turkey), before crossing to Macedonia (northern Greece). Paul then sails south to Corinth in Achaia (southern Greece) and stays for 18 months. Here he appears before the proconsul Gallio, and writes his FIRST and SECOND LETTERS TO THE THESSALONIANS. Sailing for Palestine, he calls in at Ephesus (western Turkey), before returning to Syrian Antioch via Jerusalem								51
52	AD50-60 - Oral traditions about the life and ministry of Jesus continue to be committed to writing, and collections assembled								52
53	Paul's third Missionary journey c AD53-58 From AD53, King Herod Agrippa II, exchanges Chalcis for parts of Iturea and Trachonitis, Galilee and Perea.								53
54	Claudius, Roman emperor, is poisoned, succeeded by Nero		Nero	Onesimus					54
58	c AD58-60 Paul's arrest in Jerusalem and imprisonment in Caesaria for trial before the procurator Felix. He is also seen by Drusilla, Felix's wife. Paul is kept in prison for two years								58
60	In Britannia, Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, revolts against Roman rule but is defeated and killed by the Roman governor Suetonius Paulinus Paul's journey to Rome and continued imprisonment c AD60-63. Paul sails for Rome, is shipwrecked on Malta where he stays for three months and meets Publius, the chief official. He continues on to Rome via Sicily. Paul under house arrest in Rome for two years. During these years, he writes his Letters to the Colossians, to philemon, to the Ephesians, and to the Philippians								60
63	Joseph of Arimathea came to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain								63
64	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Paul's possible release from imprisonment in Rome c AD64-67 Paul may have been released from house arrest in Rome, and travelled to Spain?, Macedonia, Achaia, Crete, and Asia Minor (Turkey) c AD64-67 - The apostle Peter wrote the First Letter of Peter, and possibly the Second letter during this period c AD64 - During the persecutions that follow the fire, the apostles Peter and Paul may have been martyred. According to tradition Peter was crucified head downwards, and Paul beheaded, both in Rome. Paul, however, may have been on his further travels at this time, following his earlier release from house arrest, and Peter executed later Roman emperor Nero (37-68) accuses the Christians of having started the fire which destroyed large sections of Rome, thus initiating widespread persecution.								64
65	The Letter to Hebrews addressed to Jewish Christians may have been written about this time c AD65-70 - The Gospel Of Mark may have been written, traditionally in Rome, around the time of Peter's execution								65
66	If Paul was released, he would have written his First Letter to Timothy and his Letter to Titus around now, perhaps from the Macedonia area AD66-73 - Jewish war against Roman rule. The campaign in Judea is initially led by the Roman general Vespasian. Many Jews, and probably Christians leave Jerusalem								66
67	Paul is possibly re-arrested, taken to Rome, and sometime before execution, wrote his Second Letter to Timothy. The Letter to Jude, brother of James and thus Jesus, may have been written around this time, possibly in Palestine	2 St. Linus							67
68	Emperor Nero commits suicide cAD68-70 - The Book of Revelation may have been written at this time, following the persecutions of Nero, but before the Fall of Jerusalem. Otherwise Revelation was written towards the end of the 1st century. Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1949								68
69			After Nero's suicide, Galba, Otho and Vitellius are emperors of Rome in quick succession	Polycarpus I					69
70	Jewish revolt, Sacking of Jerusalem by the Romans: Jerusalem is captured by Titus and the Temple destroyed Destruction of the Temple Diaspora begins Separation of Christianity from Judaism widens after capture of Jerusalem		Vespasian						70
73	Jewish resistance ends with the fall of the fortress of Masada, last remaining stronghold of Jewish Zealots								73
75	75-77 The Roman conquest of Britain is complete as Wales is finally subdued; Julius Agricola is imperial governor (to 84)								75
76		3 St. Anacletus							76
79	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Mount Vesuvius catastrophic eruption. The Roman resort towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum are burried in the ashes, preserving a snapshot of Roman life for the millenia to come.								79
80	c. 80-100 Gospel of Matthew is composed.								80
81			Titus Domitian						81
88		4 St. Clement I							88
89			L. Antonius Saturninus	Plutarch					89
90	cAD90-100 - The First, Second and Third Letters of John are written by the apostle John from Ephesus								90
96			Nerva						96
97		5 St. Evaristus							97
98			Trajan						98
100	The apostle John, according to tradition, dies a natural death at Ephesus c. 100-125 Gospel of John is composed. 100-150 Writings of apostolic fathers show a concern with unity and good order of churches First London Bridge is built across the Thames by the Romans.								100
105	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	6 St. Alexander I		Sedecion					105
112	Pliny, governor of Bithynia, consults Emperor Trajan on how to deal with those accused as Christians								112
114				Diogenes					114
115		7 St. Sixtus I							115
117	117-138: Hadrian emperor of Rome, improves defenses and codifies law.		Hadrian						117
122	Construction of Hadrian's Wall in Britain begins, to mark the northernmost border of the empire separating the areas that are today England and Scotland.								122
125		8 St. Telesphorus							125
129				Eleutherius					129
132	Shimeon Bar-Kokhba and Rabbi Akiba Ben-Joseph lead Jews in a revolt against Roman rule. They capture Jerusalem and create an independent state of Israel.								132
133	Julius Severus governor of Britain is sent to Palestine to crush the revolt								133
135	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Julius Severus, formerly governor of Britain, crushes the revolt in Palestine. Final Diaspora (dispersion) of the Jews occurs.								135
136	The bishop of Rome, Hyginus, assumes the title of "pope"	9 St. Hyginus		Felix					136
138			Antoninus Pius						138
140	Justin founds school of Christian philosophy at Rome Shepherd of Hermas is written, presenting a highly developed system of bishops, deacons, and priests.	10 St. Pius I							140
141				Polycarpus II					141
144				Athendodorus					144
148				Euzois					148
150	Four "canonical" gospels are collected together. School of Alexandria is founded in Egypt, quickly becoming a major center for both Christian theology and Greek philosophy. Among its prominent teachers are the theologians Clement (died c. 215) and Origen (c. 185 - 254).								150
154				Laurence					154
155		11 St. Anicetus							155
161	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		Marcus Aurelius						161
165	Justin's martyrdom								165
166	Roman Emporer Marcus Aurelius sends gifts to Chinese Emperor Huan Ti.			Alypius					166
167	At the request of King Lucius the missionaries Phagan and Deruvian were said to have been sent by Pope Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianity. This is perhaps the most widely believed of the legends of the founding of Christianity in Britain.								167
168		12 St. Soterus							168
169				Pertinax					169
170	Celsus writes True Word, the first book opposing Christianity								170
175		13 St. Eleutherius	Avidius Cassius						175
180	180-200 Irenaeus of Lyons preaches to Celts in Gaul, refuting gnosticism Clement heads school of "true gnosticism" in Alexandria Irenaeus (125 - c. 202), Catholic theologian, writes Against Heresies in an attempt to fight the spread of Gnosticism. He claimed that "every church must agree" with the church of Rome because of its apostolic authority. First African Christians are martyred at Scillium.		Commodus						180
184	Lucius Artorius Castus commander of a detachment of Sarmatian conscripts stationed in Britain led his troops to Gaul to quell a rebellion. This is the first appearance of the name Artorius in history and some believe that this Roman military man is the original or basis for the Arthurian legend. The theory says that Castus' exploits in Gaul at the head of a contingent of mounted troops are the basis for later similar traditions about "King Arthur and, further, that the name Artorius" became a title or honorific which was ascribed to a famous warrior in the fifth century.								184
187	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM			Olympians					187
189		14 St. Victor I							189
190	Christian council determine "official" date of Easter.								190
192			Pertinax						192
193			Didius Julianus						193
197	Tertullian begins writing apologetics in Carthage, Afica First recorded usage of the term "catholic" appears in the writings of Apollonius; used in reference to 1 John. The word ³catholic² in Greek means ³all encompassing² (uniqueness, no variation).								197
198				Mark I					198
199		5 St. Zephirinus							199
200	First mention of Christians in Britain New Testament canon is mostly fixed in currently known form.								200
203	Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas in Carthage								203
208	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Severus goes to defend Britain and repairs Hadrian's Wall								208
209	St. Alban first British martyr was killed for his faith in one of the few persecutions of Christians ever to take place on the island during the governorship of Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus								209
211			Antoninus (Caracalla)	Philadelphus					211
212	Origen begins traveling, commending Christianity to high ranking officials throughout the empire								212
215	Hippolytus of Rome compiles the Apostolic Tradition, describing how converts are to be discipled								215
217		16 St. Calixtus I	Macrinus	Ciriacus I					217
218			Diadumenianus						218
220	Goths invade Asia Minor								220
221		[Hippolytus]							221
222		17 St. Urban I	Severus Alexander						222
225	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		L. Seius Sallustius						225
230	Pope Urban I justifies the ownership of property by the Church, the elevation of bishops and the excommunication of heretics	18 St. Pontianus		Castinus					230
231	Origen founds school at Caesarea (Palestine)								231
235		19 St. Anterius	Maximinus Thrax						235
236		20 St. Fabianus							236
237				Eugenius I					237
238			Gordian I						238
240	Gregory "the Wonder Worker" appointed bishop of Pontus (in north Asia Minor)		Sabinianus						240
242				Titus					242
244			Philip the Arab						244
246	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Paul of Thebes retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the first Christian hermit								246
247			Philip Iunior						247
248	Cyprian appointed bishop of Carthage, the largest church in Africa, only two years after his conversion Origen defends Christianity in Against Celsus		Pacatianus						248
249			Decius						249
250	250-300: Increasing invasions of Rome by the Franks and the Goths Emperor Decius begins the first, though short-lived, general persecution of Christians								250
251		21 St. Cornelius							251
252		[Novatianus]							252
253		22 St. Lucius I							253
254		23 St. Stephen I							254
256	Gaul overrun by the Germans from the Rhine								256
257	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	24 St. Sixtus II							257
259		25 St. Dionysius							259
260	260-305 Porphyry, a Neoplatonist philosopher, writes multivolume Against the Christians								260
264	A council excommunicates Paul of Samosata								264
268	Goths sack Athens, Corinth, and Sparta. Lucianus of Antioch (born in Samosata) preaches that Jesus was only a man		Claudius II Gothicus						268
269		26 St. Felix I	Laelianus						269
270	Monasticism begins to spread in Egypt and Syria, promoting Christianity in rural areas Anthony becomes a hermit in Egypt		Quintillus						270
271			Domitianus						271
272			Vaballathus	Dometius					272
273			Firmus						273
274	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		Faustinus						274
275		27 St. Eutychianus	Tacitus						275
276	Mani is crucified by the Sassanids for tring to incorporate Judaism Christianity and Zoroastrianism into one religion ("manicheism")		Florianus						276
280			Bonosus						280
281			Saturninus						281
282			Carus						282
283		28 St. Caius	Numerianus						283
284			Diocletian	Rufinus I					284
285	Papa is ordained first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (the first "catholico		Maximianus Herculius						285
286	Emperor Diocletian divides the empire - he rules the east and Maximilian rules the west. Diocletian instigates the Tetrarchy, Consisting of one Augustus and one Ceasar in each of the two partitions. The empire will be ruled by the two sets of rulers (one higher placed tha his second in command) for only twelve years before the seconds in command attack their superiors and then each other. This is the path followed by Constantine, starting as Ceasar in York, south through Gaul, across the Milvian Bridge and into Rome in 312 C.E.								286
293	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		Allectus	Probus					293
296		29 St. Marcellinus							296
297			L. Domitius Domitianus						297
301	Armenia becomes the first country to make Christianity its state religion. the Armenian king Tiridates I converted by Gregory the Illuminator								301
303	Diocletian implements a Great Persecution of the Christians emperor Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians								303
304		Vacant,							304
305			Maximinus Daia						305
306	Constantine proclaimed Emperor at York , Western Empire The first bishop of Nisibis is ordained		Maxentius Constantine I	Metrophanes					306
308	Constantine takes Gaul	30 St. Marcellus I	L. Domitius Alexander						308
309		31 St. Eusebius							309
311	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Donatus and others rebel against the appointment of the bishop of Carthage claiming independence of Church and state and claiming that the people could determine how worthy of administering sacraments a priest is	32 St. Melchiades							311
312	312-337: Constantine the Great reunites Roman Empire with new capital at Byzantion called Constantinople Roman emperor Constantine converts to Christianity								312
313	Edict of Milan: After a victorius entry in Rome, following the battle of Milvian Bridge where Constantine defeated and killed Maxentius, Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire. Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians. A cathedral is built in Edessa								313
314	Head of Church at Rome named: POPE Gregory the Illuminator founds Armenian church Donatism is condemned as a heresy	33 St. Sylvester I	Valens	Alexander					314
315	Eusebius, the first church historian and later eulogist of Constantine, appointed bishop of Caesarea								315
316	Donatism splits from Catholicism and spreads throughout Africa								316
318	Pachomius a disciple of Anthony organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt (birth of Christian monasticism)								318
320	Arius is expelled by the patriarch Alexander and during his travels through the eastern Roman empire converts more bishops								320
323	Constantine builds a church to the apostle Peter on the Roman cemetery where the martyr is buried								323
324	Head of Church at Constantinople named: ARCHBISHOP of CONSTANTINOPLE Constantine I achieves full control of Roman Empire. Constantine finally achieves full control over an undivided empire. He was a skillful politician who is popularly believed to have made Christianity the official religion of the empire because of his personal convictions. In actuality that act was merely an expedient intended to harness the power of its "God" for the benefit of the state. He re-located the imperial headquarters to Byzantium whose name he then changed to Constantinople. Despite his outward enthusiasm for Christianity and its powerful God he didn't close many pagan temples during his reign. He did however strip them of their former wealth which was then shifted to various Christian churches. This produced the result that many of the fledgling churches were put on a very firm financial footing and many of their members enjoyed great prosperity. The persecution of Christianity had stopped perhaps but its co-opting had just begun. Early Christianity had no official hierarchies and functioned best as a series of small church groups worshipping with and caring for their own members while spreading Christ's Gospel in their local areas. Constantine's move created a top-heavy structure that would quickly depart from its original purity; a church beholden to the state out of touch with the needs of its adherents and concerned only with its own comfort. Eusebius the early Christian historian has given us some additional insights into the motivations of the Emperor Constantine in his "Ecclesiastical History".				Constantine I				324
325	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Constantine calls the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea to condemn the Arian heresy, which had taught that the Son was inferior to the Father. The Nicene Creed, the Creed of Christian faith is established and will remain intact until the Schism of 1054. Council of Nicaea discusses the divine/human nature of Jesus and approves the Christian canon (the New Testament) against "heretic" books THE NICENE CREED I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages. Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten, not created, of one essence with the Father, through whom all things were made. For us and for our salvation, He came down from heaven and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became man. He was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and He suffered and was buried. On the third day He rose according to the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead. His kingdom will have no end. And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father, who together with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified, who spoke through the prophets. In one, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. I expect the resurrection of the dead. And the life of the age to come. Amen.								325
330	Eastern Roman Empire Constantine dedicates the city of Byzantium as the eastern capital of the Empire or "New Rome," renaming it Constantinople after himself. Byzantine Empire; Romiosine 330-1453 Nino converts Georgian royal family Amoun and Macarius found monasteries in the Egyptian desert Hilarion organizes a monastery at Gaza in Palestine Mar Augin founds a monastery in Syria near Nisibis								330
334	the first bishop is ordained for Merv in Transoxania								334
336	Arius, priest at Alexandria and founder of Arianism, dies. Arianism was one of the most widespread and divisive heresies in the history of Christianity.	34 St. Marcus I							336
337	Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed. Joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)	35 St. Julius I		Paul I	Constantine II				337
339	Athanasius of Alexandria visits Rome accompanied by the two Egyptian monks Ammon and Isidore disciples of Anthony who export the idea of monasticism			Eusebius					339
340	Roman legislation begins to favor Christianity and penalize paganism Christianization and literalization of the Goths (Ulfila and the "Gothic bible The first monastery of Persia is founded by Aphrahat near Mosul								340
342					Macedonius I				342
344	catholics are massacred in Persia								344
345	Pachomius dies and his institution already counts eight monasteries and hundreds of monks organized in a hierarchy								345
346	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM			Paul I					346
350	Christianity first reaches Ethiopia. Frumentius converts the royalty of Axum, Ethiopia. the missionary Ninian establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway Scotland		Magnentius						350
351	Emperor Julian attempts to reintroduce paganism in the place of Christianity.								351
352		36 Liberius							352
355			Silvanus						355
356		[Felix II]							356
358	Basil founds the monastery of Annesos in Pontus the model for eastern monasticism (perfect Christian life and constant penance meditation + poverty + humility)								358
360	Huns invade Europe Martin future bishop of Tours founds the first French monastery at Liguge the Vandals convert to christianity			Eudoxius of Antioch					360
361			Julian						361
362	Marius Victorinus, one of Rome's most famous rhetors, converts, causing much public excitement								362
363	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Persia recaptures Nisibis from the Romans and the school of Nisibis moves to Edessa		Jovian						363
364			Valentinian I						364
365			Procopius						365
366		37 St. Damasus I	Marcellus						366
367	Festal Epistle of St. Athanasius (c. 293 - 373) offers earliest known list of the New Testament canon in its current form.		Gratian						367
369	Roman general Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Roman Britain								369
370				Demophilus					370
371	The Hunns cross the river Volga into Europe having left Mongolia in the 2nd century leadin a nomadic life in their trek west. They are defeated in the battle of the field of Nations and depart Europe returning East beyond the Ural Mountains. Martin, evangelist to the pagans of central Gaul, is elected bishop of Tours Martin of Tours converts pagans								371
372	Buddhism introduced into Korea.		Firmus						372
374	Ambrose is elected bishop of Milan which has become the main Christian center in Italy								374
375	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM the Jerusalem Talmud (manual of lifestyle) is compiled by western Jews		Valentinian II						375
376	Huns conquer Russia Visigoths convert to Arian christianity								376
378					Theodosius I The Great				378
379	the Roman empire bans Arianism			[Evagrius]					379
380	Emperor Theodosius makes orthodox Christianity the official religion of the empire Ulphilas, Arian missionary bishop among Goths and translator of Gothic Bible, dies Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire Ambrose preaches virginity			[Maximus]					380
381	Council II, Constantinople I, Arianism condemned; regarded as definitively establishing Roman Catholic orthodoxy Head of Church at Constantinople named: PATRIARCH of CONSTANTINOPLE Second Ecumenical Council convoked by Theodosius I in Constantinople			Nectarius					381
383	Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledig a Spaniard was proclaimed Emperor in Britain by the island's Roman garrison. With an army of British volunteers he quickly conquered Gaul Spain and Italy.	[Ursinus]	Magnus Maximus						383
384		38 St. Siricius	Flavius Victor						384
386	Jerome founds monasteries in Bethlehem								386
388	Maximus occupied Rome itself. Theodosius the eastern Emperor defeated him in battle and beheaded him in July 388 with many of the remnant of Maximus' troops settling in Armorica. The net result to Britain was the loss of many valuable troops needed for the island's defense (the "first migration").								388
392	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM 392-395:Theodosius the Great, last united Roman emperor		Eugenius						392
393			Honorius						393
395	PARTITION : WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE				Arcadius				395
397	the eight council (at Carthage) defines the Christian canon (the "New Testament") as comprised of four official gospels (all others are declared heretic) and the letters of the apostles								397
398	Maximus of Turin preaches against pagans			John I					398
399		9 St. Anastasius I							399
400	Jerome (Eusebius Hieronymus) translates the Bible into Latin (the "Vulgate								400
401	Innocent I becomes Pope (until 417) and claims universal jurisdiction over the Roman Church.	40 St. Innocent I							401
404				Arsacius					404
405	c. 405 St. Jerome (c. 347 - 419) completes the Vulgate - a Latin translation of both the Old and New Testaments. This remains the Latin Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.								405
406	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		Marcus	Atticus					406
407			Gratian						407
408					Theodosius II				408
409			Constans II						409
410	The Goths led by Alarik sack Rome At the council of Seleucia the Persian church declares its independence from Antioch and Rome The ascetic monk Maron sounds the Christian Maronite religion in Syria								410
411	Thanks to Augustine Donatism begins to decline		Jovinus						411
412			Sebastianus						412
414			Priscus Attalus						414
415	Roman emperor Theodosius II expels the Jews from Alexandria								415
417		41 St. Zosimus							417
418	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM British monk Pelagius (c. 354 - 420) is excommunicated. Pelagius denied original sin and the need for baptism, asserting that if God asked men to do good, then they must be capable of doing good on their own. He was condemned by Augustine.	42 St. Boniface I							418
421		[Eulatius]	Constantius III						421
422		43 St. Celestine I							422
423			Johannes						423
424	At the synod of Dadyeshu the "catholico" of the Eastern Church proclaims himself as a patriarch on equal footing with Antioch and Rome								424
425	The first bishops are ordained for Herat and Samarkand		Valentinian III						425
426				Sisinius I					426
428	Nestorius a monk in the Syrian monastery of Euprepius is appointed by the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as patriarch of Constantinople and preaches the doctrine of two natures of Jesus			Nestorius					428
431	Council III, Ephesus, The Third Ecumenical Council at Ephesus condemns the Nestorian heresy and approves the veneration of the Virgin Mary as Theotokos (God-Bearer or Mother of God). The Nestorians go into exile in the Persian Empire and become the Assyrian Orthodox Church of the East. Palladius is sent by the Pope as first bishop of Ireland the third Ecumenical Council convened in Ephesus declares that there is only one nature in Jesus (divine condemns Nestorius (who is then banned by Theodosius II) and affirms that Mary was the "mother of God"			Maximianus					431
432	The Roman missionary Patrick is taken prisoner to Ireland	44St. Sixtus III							432
433	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Attila becomes ruler of the Huns (until 453). He attacks Roman provinces								433
434				Proclus					434
440	The hermit Symeon the Stylite lives on top of a column (monastery of Telanissos in Syria	45 St. Leo I							440
445	The emperor Valentinian III decrees that all western bishops must obey the pope								445
446				Flavian					446
449				Anatolius					449
450	Angles, Saxons and Jutes begin conquest of Britain after Romans leave the first British monasteries are established in Wales Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople)				Marcian (m. Pulcheria, gnddghtr Theod I)				450
451	Council IV, Chalcedon, The Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon condemns the Monophysite heresy and affirms that Christ had both a divine and a human nature. The Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, and Syrian Orthodox Churches would remain Monophysite; the Greek Orthodox church and the Western church adopted the Chalcedonian or Dyophysite position. Fatal disaffection of Syria & Egypt. This Council also gives Constantinople equal standing with "Old" Rome. Attila invades Gaul but is repulsed by joint forces of Franks, Alemanni and Romans at battle of Chalons. Invades Italy the next year. the fourth Ecumenical Council convened in Chalcedon condemns Dioscurus of Alexandria for monophysitism (Jesus is of one nature only divine) and affirms that Jesus was one person of two natures (both human and divine) which causes the schism of the Coptic Orthodox church from the Churches of Rome and Constantinople								451
455	Vandals destroy Rome		Petronius Maximus						455
457	The eastern Roman emperor is crowned by the patriarch of Constantinople instead of the Pope		Majorian		Dynasty of Leo				457
458	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM 458-751: Merovingian Dynasty rules in France			Gennadius I					458
460	Persian king Firuz persecutes Jews who emigrate to Arabia								460
461		46 St. Hilarus (Hilary)	Libius Severus						461
467			Anthemius						467
468		47 St. Simplicius	Arvandus						468
470			Romanus						470
471				Acacius					471
472			Olybrius						472
473			Glycerius						473
474			Julius Nepos		Leo II				474
475	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM		Romulus Augustulus						475
476	End of the Western Roman Empire Odoacer, German cheiftan, ends Western Roman Empire when he overthrows the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus and becomes King of Italy								476
481	Emperor Zeno shuts down the Nestorian school of Edessa causing Nestorian scholars to flee to Persia (Nisibis)								481
483		48 St. Felix III							483
484	The Synod of Beth Papat in Persia declares the Nestorian docrine (two natures of Jesus) as the official theology of the East Syrian Church centered in Edessa								484
488				Phrabitas					488
489				Euphemius					489
490	Vandals take part of Spain and make Toledo their capital Brigid founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland								490
491					Anastasius				491
492		49 St. Gelasius I							492
493	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Theodoric the Great establishes Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy								493
495				Macedonus II					495
496	Clovis, ruler of the Franks, converts to Christianity Clovis converts Franks to catholicism	50 St. Anastasius II							496
498		51 St. Symmachus [Laurentius]							498
499	The Babylonian Talmud is compiled for eastern Jews a much more orthodox manual of lifestyle than the western Talmud								499
500	The legend of Arthur, King of the Britons and his knights of the Round table is usually assumed to refer to a time between the 6th and 8th centuries. Although no evidence has ever been found of Camelot, the round table or of the existence of Arthur himself, his legend may be a composite of several personages from the eras preceding the establishment of the first kings and the House of Wessex. Pseudo-Dionysius writes mystical works c.500-50 - Spread of Celtic monasticism throughout Europe								500
511				Timothy					511
514		52 St. Hormisdas							514
518				John II	Justin				518
520				Epiphanius					520
523	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	53 St. John I							523
526		54 St. Felix IV							526
527	Reign of Justinian I begins he will conquer North Africa, southern Spain and Italy Arguably the most important of Byzantine Emperors and the one who marked the final transition from the latin past and paganism to a purely Christian, Greek Empire. Justinian began his life in Bulgaria, a former Roman province, as a poor shepherd boy. His uncle Justin was the commander of the Imperial Guard in Constantinople. Justinian went on the long journey to the Capital. Shortly after he achieved the best education, the emperor died, and the people chose Justin to succeed himas Justinus I. Justin was advised that he should work with Justinian as co-emperor. When Justin died, Justinian became the sole ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian began making harsh rules against the pagans and their religion, and forced people to accept Christianity. It can be seen as the first forceful action of Christianity. He destroyed synagogues and Jewish temples all over his empire. Justinian built vast structures of Byzantine, not Roman, art. He is seen as one of the founders of the "Byzantine Empire", as opposed to the East Roman Empire. His reign was filled with military success through his two great generals, Belisarius and Narsus. At the end of his reign, he controlled a part of Spain, Africa, Italy, Turkey and much of the east. Justinian created the Justinian code, which replaced the old Roman laws and set the foundation for subsequent western legal systems. Byzantium enforces anti-Jewish laws and the Jews all but disappear from the eastern Roman Empire				Justinian I				527
529	Emperor Justinian I issues the Code of Laws Justinian closes the pagan Philosophical Academy in Athens. Benedetto of Nursia founds the monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies western monasticism (absolute power of the abbot The council of Orange condemns the Pelagian heresy and accepts Augustine's doctrine of salvation.								529
530	The Benedictine monk Cassiodorus encourages monks to copy manuscripts of the classics	55 Boniface II							530
532	532-537: Aghia Sofia, the new cathedral of Constantinople, is built by order of Justinian, on the site of the earlier Church of Aghia Sofia which was consumed by fire. Legend has it that a beekeeper noticed that bees in one of the beehives had fashioned what appeared to be the model of a magnificent church out of wax. He took the miraculous find to the palace and presented it to Empress Theodora who then prompted her husband to commission the building of the most magnificent Church in Christiandom.								532
533	Mercurius is elected pope and takes the name of John II the first pope to change name upon election	56 John II							533
534	The Roman empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals								534
535		57 St. Agapetus I		Anthimus I					535
536		58 St. Sylverius		Menas					536
537	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM The church of Aghia Sofia (Holy Wisdom) commissioned in Constantinople by Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora is completed by architects Isidoros and Anthemios	59 Vigilius							537
541	Jacob Bardaeus bishop of Edessa organizes the Monophysite Church in western Syria (the "Jacobites")								541
544	Ciaran founds the monastery of Clonmacnoise in Ireland								544
546	Columbanus founds the monastery of Derry in Ireland								546
552				Eutychius					552
553	Council V, Constantinople II, Monophysitism condemned again. The Ecumenical Council condemns the heresy of the Three Chapters								553
556	Columbanus founds the monastery of Durrow in Ireland	60 Pelagius I							556
561		61 John III							561
563	Columbanus founds the monastery of Iona off the coast of Scotland soon to become the main center of the Columban school								563
565				John III	Justin II				565
570	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, born during the reign of Khusro Anosharwan. His father was of the Quraysh tribe (the name means ' shark ' and may have been derived from an ancient tribal emblem.) This tribe gained much power and influence, both because of their commercial activity in their hub at the city of Mecca, and because of their importation and custody of important idols at Mecca.								570
573	Gregory is appointed bishop of Tours								573
575		62 Benedict I							575
578					Tiberius II (I) Constantine				578
579		63 Pelagius II							579
580	Monte Cassino is sacked by the Lombards and the monks flee to Rome								580
582				John IVBR>Nesteutes, the Faster	Maurice				582
587	The Visigothic king Recared converts to catholicism								587
588	The Visigoths abandon Aryanism and convert to catholicism								588
590	For the first time a monk is elected Pope Gregory I	64 St. Gregory I							590
596	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM			Cyriacus					596
597	The Roman brand of Christianity is brought to Britain for the first time by St. Augustine the missionary sent with forty monks by Pope Gregory to convert the Saxons. Augustine founded a monastery and the first church at Canterbury and was proclaimed its first Archbishop.								597
600	Pope Gregory I promulgates the doctrine of salvation through confession and penance								600
601	Augustine converts king Ethelbert of Kent and establishes the see of Canterbury with himself as its first archbishop								601
602					Phocas				602
603	The Lombards convert to Christianity and move their capital to Pavia								603
604	Gregory I dies	65 Sabinianus							604
607		66 Boniface III		Thomas I					607
608		67 St. Boniface IV							608
609	The Irish monk Colombanus founds the monastery at Bobbio								609
610	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Muhammad and his followers go to Mecca, where they are not accepted			Sergius I	Heraclius				610
612	The Visigothic king Sisebut forces the Jews of Spain to release all slaves and convert to Christianity								612
613	Clotaire II and Dagobert I unify France after years of continual disunity								613
615	Colombanus dies in Italy	68 St. Deusdedit							615
619		69 Boniface V							619
620	The Visigoths in Spain persecute the Jews								620
622	Muhammad and his followers flee Mecca to Medina. The year of that flight, or Hijrah, became the first year of the Islamic calendar, and the beginning the Muslim era.								622
625		70 Honorius I							625
627	Pope Gregory I sends Paulinus to found the see of York and convert king Edwin of Northumbria								627
632	Muhammad in Mecca pronounced the perfection of the new religion. Muhammad dies	Muhammed flees Mecca, beginning the Muslim era.							632
634	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Muslim (Arab) Empire grows								634
635	Cynegils king of Wessex converts to christianity								635
636	Arabs capture Jerusalem								636
637	Arabs conquer Jerusalem								637
638	Omar defeats the Byzantine army the Arabs allow the Jews to return to Jerusalem	Vacant		Pyrrhus					638
639	The Arabs conquer Syria (mainly Nestorian) from Byzantium								639
640		71 Severinus							640
641	Muslims conquer Persia			Paul II	Heraclonas				641
642	the Arabs conquer Egypt (mainly monophysite) from Byzantium	73 Theodore I							642
647	Amadeus bishop of Maastricht carries out missionary work in Frisia (Holland) and among the Slavs								647
649	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	74 St. Martin I Arrested and died in exile in Crimea							649
650	Arianism disappears after the Lombards convert to catholicism								650
654		75 St. Eugenius I		Peter					654
657	King Oswy of Northumberland founds the Benedictine monastery of Whitby in Yorkshire	76 St. Vitalianus							657
663	Constans II is the last eastern Roman emperor to set foot in Rome								663
664	Iona monk Wilfrid is appointed bishop of York								664
667				Thomas II					667
668	The monk Theodore of Tarsus is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury				Constantine IV				668
669				John V					669
670	Arabs attack N. Africa Whitby monk Caedmon translates the gothic Bible into Germanic vernacular (ancient english								670
672	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	77 Adeodatus							672
674	Benedict Biscop founds the monastery of Wearmouth in Northumbria								674
675				Constantine I					675
676		78 Domnus (I)							676
677				Theodore I					677
678	Wilfrid evangelizes in Frisia (Holland	79 St. Agathon							678
679				George I					679
680	680-681 Council VI,Constantinople III, Monotheletism condemned								680
681	Benedict founds the monastery of Jarrow in Northumbria								681
682		80 St. Leo II							682
684	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	81 St. Benedict II							684
685	John V is the first of a series of Greek and Syriac Popes under the influence of Constantinople	82 John V			Justinian II (banished)				685
686		83 Conon							686
687	The Danes destroy the monastery of Whitbey	84 St. Sergius I Ordered arrested but Italian garrison refuses [Paschal] [Theodorus]							687
690	English missionary Willibrord evangelizes in Holland and Denmark								690
693				Callinicus I					693
694	The Visigothic king Egica orders all Jews enslaved								694
695					Leontius				695
698	Arabs capture Carthage				Tiberius III(II)				698
700	Babylonian Jews extend their influence as the Arab conquest spreads west								700
701	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	85 John VI							701
705		86 John VII		Cyrus	Justinian II (restored)				705
708		87 Sisinnius 88 Constantine I Last Pope to visit Constantinople							708
711	Tariq ibn-Ziyad and a Berber army cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Iberia (Spain) The Arabs conquer southern Spain from the Visigoths (with help from the Jews)				Bardanes				711
712				John VI					712
713					Anastasius II				713
715		89 St. Gregory II		Germanus I					715
716	Arab empire extends from Lisbon, Spain to China Iona conforms to Roman usage				Theodosius III				716
717					Leo III				717
719	Arabs complete their conquest in Spain								719
722	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM the Anglosaxon Benedectine monk Boniface (Wynfrid) evangelizes in Saxony								722
726	During the iconoclasm Constantinople orders all images to be destroyed								726
730	Byzantine Emperor Leo III bans the veneration of images and relics, inaugurating the first period of Iconoclasm.			Anastasius					730
731	Bede writes the "Ecclesiastical History of the English People	90 St. Gregory III Appeals to Franks for help against Lombards							731
732	Charles Martel halts Arabian advance in France The Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the battle of Tours								732
739	Boniface reforms the Frankish church								739
741		91 St. Zachary			Constantine V Copronymus				741
744	Boniface founds the monastery of Fulda in Germany								744
751	Pepin the Short, Martel's son, becomes King of the Franks Pepin sends help to the Pope in Italy The Lombards under king Aistulf conquer Ravenna from the Byzantines and indirectly release Rome from the influence of Constantinople								751
752	Stephen II is Pope for only one day	92 Stephen II 93 Stephen III							752
754	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Donation of Pepin, Byzantine Exarchate of Ravennabecomes Papal States Although the Pope had been the de facto governor of Rome for a few years, the Donation of Pepin in 754 begins the formal history of the Papacy as a territorial power. This would last until 1870, giving the Papal States a run of 1116 years. The origin terms of the grant were for the "Exarchate of Ravenna," i.e. the Roman Imperial territory that was preserved across central Italy after the invasion of Lombards in 568. The most important parts of this were, of course, Rome itself and the area of Romagna around Ravenna in the north, with a narrow salient connecting them. Boniface is killed by Frisians pope Stephen II anoints Pepin III king of the Franks			Constantine II					754
756	The Caliphrate of Cordoba is founded by Abd-ar-Rahma in Spain Pepin again fights for the Pope in Italy, Papal States formed Pepin III defeats the Lombards and conquers Ravenna but leaves the conquered territories to the Pope thereby founding the Papal State and establishing a temporal power for the Pope								756
757		94 St. Paul I							757
766				Nicetas I					766
767		[Constantine II] [Philip]							767
768	The Frankish kindom is divided among Pepin's sons: Carloman and Charlemagne (Charles	95 Stephen IV							768
769	At the Lateran council the cardinals decide that only cardinals can become popes								769
771	771-814: Charlemagne rules in France, conquers Lombards, part of Spain, Bavarians, Avars, and the Saxons								771
772		96 Adrian I							772
775	The Eastern patriarchate moves from Seleucia-Ctesiphon to Baghdad				Leo IV				775
780	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM			Paul IV,	Constantine VI				780
782	Charlemagne summons the monk and scholar Alcuin of York to head the palace school at Aachen: revival of learning in Europe								782
784				Tarasius					784
787	The Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicea II, condemns iconoclasm and restores the veneration of images underguidance of Empress Irene.								787
790	Vikings begin to attack the British Isles								790
793	Vikings invade Britain for the first time in a surprise attack on the monastic community at Lindisfarne (Holy Island)								793
795		97 St. Leo III							795
797					Irene				797
800	St. Leo III crowns Charlemagne Roman Emperor; gives Papacy basis for claiming sovereign rights over later Holy Roman Emperors Pope Leo III crowns Charles emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and therefore introduces theocratic monarchy in Europe								800
802					Nicephorus I	House of Wessex Egbert			802
806	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM			Nicephorus I					806
811					Strauracius				811
813	Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, is crowned by his father				Leo V				813
814	Charlemagne dies, succeeded by his son Louis the Pious						Later Carolingian Transition Louis I (not a king of 'France')		814
815	A council called by Emperor Leo V again bans images, inaugurating the second period of Iconoclasm.			Theodotus I,					815
816		98 Stephen V							816
817	Louis the Pious decides to divide his empire between his sons Lothair (emperor) and his other two sons as kings of two other subordinate kingdoms Benedict of Ariane draws up the monastic constitution of Benedectine monasteries (monks as a political entity that mediates between laity and deity	99 St. Paschal I							817
820					Phrygian Dynasty				820
821				Anthony I					821
822	Mojmir prince of Morava converts to christianity								822
824	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	100 Eugenius II							824
826	826-27: Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily and Sardinia the Frankish missionary Angkar bishop of Hamburg evangelizes in Denmark and Sweden Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity								826
827		101 Valentinus 102 Gregory IV							827
828	Egbert of Wessex is recognized as overlord of other English kings								828
829					Theophilus				829
830	The Kirghiz drive the Uighurs west to the Tarim Basin								830
836				John VII					836
839						Aethelwulf			839
840							Charles II (the Bald)		840
842					Michael III				842
843	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Empress Theodora restores the veneration of images on the First Sunday of Lent, which became known as the Sunday of Orthodoxy. End of the Iconoclastic struggle Triumph of Orthodoxy the "Restoration of the images" in Constantinople solves the iconoclastic controversy			Methodius I					843
844	Kenneth MacAlpine King of the Scots conquers the Picts; founds a unified Scotland	103 Sergius II							844
845	the Irish theologian Johannes Scotus Erigena (John the Scot) takes over the Palatine Academy in France								845
847		104 St. Leo IV		Ignatius					847
849	caliph al-Mutawakkil deposes the patriarch of the Eastern Christian Church and persecutes Christians								849
852	Ansgar founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark								852
855	855-79: Russian nation founded by the Vikings under Prince Rurik	105 Benedict III [Anastasius]				Aethelbald			855
858	Emperor Michael III deposes Patriarch Ignatius and installs Photius, a learned layman. Nicholas I becomes pope and asserts the independence of the Church from local authorities and from Constantinople	106 St. Nicholas I		Photius					858
859	Vikings repulsed in the Mediterranean								859
860						Aethelbert			860
861	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Vikings discover Iceland the Khazars convert to Judaism								861
862	Byzantine Emperor Michael III ("the Drunkard") sends Constantine (later Cyril, died 869) and his brother Methodius (died 885) to Moravia to teach Christianity to the Slavs. They translated the Bible and other religious writings into Old Church Slavonic. These "Apostles to the Slavs" also had the support of the Popes of Rome, Hadrian II and John VIII. Boris of Bulgary converts to christianity Ratislav of Moravia converts to christianity								862
863	Cyril and Methodius from Constantinople write the Slavic bible in the first Slavic alphabet glagolitic								863
866						Aethelred			866
867	Rivalry between Greek and Latin missionaries to Bulgaria prompts Photius to convene a council that deposes Pope Nicholas III, and attacks Western notions of papal primacy and many Western practices, including the insertion of the word "filioque" into the Nicene Creed. The Eastern church now dates the East-West split from this event (the Photian Schism). Also see 1054 CE	107 Adrian II			Basil I				867
869	869-870 Council VIII,Constantinople IV, patched up filioque and other differences, later repudiated by East, last Oecumenical Council recognized by West which included Eastern Church Emperor Basil I "the Macedonian," who had murdered Michael III, seeks papal support by deposing Photius and restoring Ignatius. The Eighth Council held in support of Ignatius is considered by the West only to be the Eighth Ecumenical Council (Constantinople IV).								869
870	The Serbs convert to christianity								870
871	Alfred the Great becomes King of a united England					Alfred the Great			871
872		108 John VIII							872
877	877-80: Ignatius dies, Photius restored as Patriarch, legates of Pope John VIII accept him on condition that Bulgaria be returned to the Latin church, without really settling the theological issues.						Louis II (the Stammerer)		877
878	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Alfred defeats Danish invaders								878
879							Louis III Carloman (joint with Louis III above, until 882)		879
882		109 Martin II							882
884		110 St. Adrian III					Charles the Fat		884
885	Mt Athos is granted independence as a religious retreat by emperor Basil I	111 Stephen VI							885
886	Alfred captures London from the Danes			Stephanus I					886
887					Leo VI				887
888	French crown offered to Count Odo						Eudes (also Odo) of Paris (non-Carolingian)		888
891		112 Fromosus							891
893				Anthony II					893
896	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	113 Boniface VI							896
897		115 Romanus 116 Theodore II							897
898		117 John IX					Charles III (the Simple)		898
899						Edward the Elder			899
900		118 Benedict IV							900
901				Nicholas I					901
903		19 Leo V 120 Christopher							903
904	Sergius III is elected pope thanks to a powerful Roman noblewoman the first of a series of popes appointed by the Roman aristocracy	212 Sergius III							904
907				Euthymius I					907
909	Berno founds the monastery of Cluny in Burgundy								909
911	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Vikings under Rollo found settlement in Normandy, a vassal state of France	122 Anastasius III							911
912	912-61: Arabian Spain becomes the centre of learning the Normans become Christian				Alexander				912
913		123 Lando			Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus				913
914		134 John X							914
922	The Viking ruler Dirk I founds the Egmont Benedictine monastery in Haarlem (Holland						Robert I (non-Carolingian)		922
923							Raoul (also Rudolf, non-Carolingian)		923
925				Stephanus II		Athelstan			925
927				Tryphon					927
928		125 Leo VI 126 Stephen VIII							928
931		127 John XI							931
932	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Castile becomes independent of Leon								932
933				Theophylactus					933
936		128 Leo VII					Louis IV (d'Outremer or The Foreigner)		936
939		129 Stephen IX							939
940						Edmund the Magnificent			940
942		130 Martin III							942
946		131 Agapetus II				Eadred			946
948	The leader of the Magyars converts to christianity								948
950	The church of Hosios Loukas (Holy Luke) is founded in Stiris Greece								950
954							Lothar (also Lothaire)		954
955	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	132 John XII				Eadwig (Edwy) All-Fair			955
956				Polyeuctus					956
959					Romanus II	Edgar the Peaceable			959
960	Mieczyslaw I becomes first ruler of Poland								960
962	East Frankish Otto crowned Emperor after he defeats Magyars, founds new Holy Roman Empire in Germany								962
963		{Leo VIII}			Nicephorus II Phocas				963
964		133 Benedict V							964
965	Harald Bluetooth (Harold I) converts the Danes to christianity	134 John XIII							965
969	Athanasios of Trebizond founds the Great Lavra (Great Monastery) on Mount Athos in Greece								969
970				Basil I					970
973	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM	135 Benedict VI		Anthony III					973
974		[Boniface VII] {Domnus II}							974
975						Edward the Martyr			975
976					Basil II				976
978						Aethelred the Unready			978
980	The Danes renew their raids on England attacking Chester and Southampton			Nicholas II					980
983		137 John XIV							983
985		138 John XV							985
986							Louis V (the Do-Nothing)		986
987	Hugh Capet takes the French throne and the Capetian dynasty of France is founded						Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet		987
988	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Prince Vladimir is baptized and marries a Byzantine princess. Russia becomes a Christian nation. Vladimir of Kiev converts to Christianity								988
989	989-99: Viking Danes attack Britain again								989
995	Olav I conquers Norway and proclaims it a Christian kingdom								995
996	Robert II succeeds Hugh Capet a German is elected pope Gregory V	139 GregoryV [John XVI]					Robert II (the Pious)		996
999	German emperor Otto III appoints Gerbert d'Aurillac pope who becomes the first French pope and assumes the name Sylvester II	140 Sylvester II		Sergius II					999
1000	Europe sees the new millenium in with the construction of magnificent cathedrals between the 10th and 12th centuries Greenland and Iceland are christianized								1000
1001	cathedral of Ani in Armenia								1001
1003	the Egyptian ruler Hakim persecutes Christianity	141 John XVII							1003
1004		142 John XVIII							1004
1008	AD: Sweden is christianized								1008
1009	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Arabs destroy the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem	143 Sergius IV							1009
1012	Romualdo founds the Camaldolese order in Italy (Anthony's monasticism and hermits appears in Italy	144 Benedict VIII							1012
1014						Danish Line Svein Forkbeard			1014
1016						Edmund Ironside			1016
1017	The Danish king Canute converts to christianity								1017
1018	Bishop Hildebrand founds the monastery of San Miniato is founded near Florence in Italy								1018
1019				Eustathius					1019
1022	1022: the Catharist/Albigenian heresy a neo-manichaean sect believing that matter is evil spreads in Languedoc (southern France)								1022
1024		145 John XIX							1024
1025				Alexius I	Constantine VIII (IX) alone				1025
1028	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM				Romanus III Argyrus				1028
1031							Henry I		1031
1032	A teenager is elected pope Benedict IX the youngest pope ever and the last of the "dynastic" popes	146 Benedict IX							1032
1033	Ferdinand I of Castile becomes King of Castile, Leon and Navarre								1033
1034					Michael IV the Paphlagonian				1034
1035						Harald Harefoot			1035
1036	Muslim Umayyad dynasty in Spain ends with the death of Hisham III and the caliphrate splits into 8 other kingdoms San Miniato monk Giovanni Gualberto founds the monastery of Vallombrosa near Florence in Italy								1036
1039	Cluny's abbot Odilo turns his monastery into the head of a monastic feudal system whose influence spread all over Europe								1039
1040						Hardicanute			1040
1041					Michael V Calaphates				1041
1042	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM				Zoe and Theodora	Edward the Confessor			1042
1043				Michael I					1043
1044		[Sylvester III]							1044
1045	After Benedict IX gets married and sells the papacy to his godfather Gregory VI the emperor Heinrich III calls for the synod of Sutri to reform the corrupt papacy	147 Gregory VI 146 Benedict IX							1045
1046		148 Clement II							1046
1047		146 Benedict IX							1047
1048		149 Damasus II							1048
1049	Heinrich III appoints Pope Leo IX a German reformer	150 St. Leo IX							1049
1050	The ascetics Anthony and Theodosius found the Monastery of the Caves (Pecherska Lavra) in Kiev								1050
1054	Schism between Eastern and Western Churches also see 867 CE Western Cluniac monks take over Greek monasteries in southern Italy, Byzantine patriarch Michael Caerularius responds by closing Latin churches in Constantinople. Pope Leo IX sends Cardinal Humbert (considered an expert on Eastern Christianity) to Constantinople to work things out. Not knowing Leo IX had died, Humbert excommunicates Patriarch Michael in Leo's name, asserting that the Eastern church had removed "filioque" from the Creed. The Western church traditionally dates the East-West split from this event (the Great Schism). The Church of the Pope refers to itself as the "Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church". This is contrasted, with Protestant churches and with the Orthodox Churches of the East: Greek, Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Russian, Romanian, Serbian, etc., as an usurpation. The "Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church" was the Universal (katholiki) Church of the Roman Empire. The Pope, then Bishop of Rome, was not the ruler of that Church, but one of the Ecumenical Patriarchs, along with the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. The Pope was allowed to be primus inter pares as a courtesy towards the ancient seat of St. Peter. Governance of the Church was also shared among the five heads of the Church and with the Emperor, who was regarded as the "Equal of the Apostles," and who had the authority to call Church Councils. After the fall of the western Empire in 476, that meant only the Emperor in Constantinople. As it happened, only that Emperor had ever called Councils. After various disputes, the Latin and Greek Churches finally broke in 1054. Each thus claimed to be the proper "Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church," but over time and aided by the enslavement of the Eastern Orhodox peoples by the Turks, the Papal use of the terminology has gained more widespread recognition of the term. The actual reason that was used to instigate and justify the legality of the Schism was the addition, by the Pope, of one word to the Creed of Faith which had united Christianity since Constantine had called the Council at Nicea to establish it: The paragraph which refers to the Holy Spirit decrees that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and is glorified together with the Father and the Son. The pope added the word filioque which now reads that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father AND the Son. The addition of this one word had extremely serious rumifications as to the nature of the Son and reverted to considerations of heresies past, as Arianism, Monothelitism and others. The Pope declared the other four heads of the church in error and assumed the position that his church, in the altered Creed carried the correct interpretation of Christianity. The Schism between Greek and Latin Churches came at a very bad time for the Greeks. Defeat by the Turks and the loss of Asia Minor deprived Romania (Romiosini: a reference in Greek to the Christian roman Empire) of more than half its territory. This was a catastrophe, and actually the Empire never recovered. The Emperor Alexius Comnenos appealed to the West for help. Pope Urban II called for a "Crusade," a great Christian army, not just to help the Christians in the east, but to go on and reconquer Jerusalem. The First Crusade defeated the Turks badly enough that Romania was able to recover considerable territory, but then it went on and obtained the great goal of Jerusalem, which had been in Islamic hands for 463 years. the Crusades continued and the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade instead of proceeding to Jerusalem stopped at Constantinople, laid siege, took the City and enslaved the Christians of the east for almost 60 years. 911 years after the Schism, in 1965, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054. Some 3o years later, Pope John Paul II visited Athens and recited the Nicene Creed in its original form standing in holy liturgy together with the Archbishop of the Church of Greece THE NICENE CREED I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages. Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten, not created, of one essence with the Father, through whom all things were made. For us and for our salvation, He came down from heaven and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became man. He was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and He suffered and was buried. On the third day He rose according to the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead. His kingdom will have no end. And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father, who together with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified, who spoke through the prophets. In one, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. I expect the resurrection of the dead. And the life of the age to come. Amen. the patriarch of Constantinople and the pope in Rome excommunicate each other (the Great Schism								1054
1055	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Seljuk Turks take Baghdad	151 Victor II			Theodora alone				1055
1056	Ferdinand I of Castile makes himself Emperor and initiates a period of reconquest of the Moors				Michael VI Stratioticus				1056
1057		152 Stephen X			Isaac I Comnenos				1057
1058		153 Benedict X							1058
1059	Humbert della Silva Candida publishes the rules by which popes should be elected restricting the electors to the cardinals and forbidding interference from the Roman nobility or the Holy Roman emperor and resumes the Donatist heresy (the morality of a priest determines whether he is worthy of administering sacraments)	154 Nicholas II		Constantine III	Constantine X (1X) Ducas				1059
1060	Decree for election of Popes by a college of Cardinals; beginning of Papal heyday Svend Estridsen (Svend II) organizes the Danish church						Philip I		1060
1061		155 Alexander II							1061
1064				John VIII					1064
1066	The Norman Conquests On 28 September 1066, with a favourable wind, William I The Conqueror landed unopposed at Pevensey and, within a few days, raised fortifications at Hastings. Having defeated an earlier invasion by the King of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge near York in late September, Harold undertook a forced march south, covering 250 miles in some nine days to meet the new threat, gathering inexperienced reinforcements to replenish his exhausted veterans as he marched. At the Battle of Senlac (near Hastings) on 14 October, Harold's weary and under-strength army faced William's cavalry (part of the forces brought across the Channel) supported by archers. Despite their exhaustion, Harold's troops were equal in number (they included the best infantry in Europe equipped with their terrible two-handled battle axes) and they had the battlefield advantage of being based on a ridge above the Norman positions. The first uphill assaults by the Normans failed and a rumour spread that William had been killed; William rode among the ranks raising his helmet to show he was still alive. The battle was close-fought: a chronicler described the Norman counter-attacks and the Saxon defence as 'one side attacking with all mobility, the other withstanding as though rooted to the soil'. Three of William's horses were killed under him. William skilfully co-ordinated his archers and cavalry, both of which the English forces lacked. During a Norman assault, Harold was killed - hit by an arrow and then mowed down by the sword of a mounted knight. Two of his brothers were also killed. The demoralised English forces fled. (In 1070, as penance, William had an abbey built on the site of the battle, with the high altar occupying the spot where Harold fell. The ruins of Battle Abbey, and the town of Battle, which grew up around it, remain.) William was crowned on Christmas Day 1066 in Westminster Abbey.					Norman Line William I the Conqueror			1066
1067	Work is begun on building the Tower of London								1067
1068	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM The Norman Conquest continues until 1069: William subdues the north of England (the "Harrying of the North" ): the region is laid waste				Romanus IV Diogenes				1068
1070	The Hospital of Saint John is founded in Jerusalem by Amalfi merchants								1070
1071	Turkish Muslims defeat the Christian army of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert, Turkey. The Muslims go on to conquer Palestine (now Israel). Turkish Muslims begin to attack Christians on pilgrimages to holy places the Turks capture Jerusalem				Michael VII Ducas				1071
1072	William invades Scotland and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake.								1072
1073	Hildebrand becomes pope Gregory VII and launches the "Gregorian" reform (celibacy of the clergy primacy of the papacy over the empire infallibility of the Church	156 St. Gregory VII							1073
1075	The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is built the third most popoular pilgrimage site after Jerusalem and Rome			Cosmas I					1075
1076	1076-1122 Investiture Controversy Heinrich IV refuses and Gregory VII excommunicates and deposes him but then forgives him at Canossa (abbot Hugh of Cluny acts as mediator)								1076
1078					Nicephorus III Botaniates				1078
1080	William in a letter reminds the bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance	[Clement (III)]			Nicephorus Melissenus				1080
1081				EustathiusGaridas	Alexius I Comnenus				1081
1084	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Bruno founds the Carthusian order at the Grande Chartreuse near Grenoble			Nicholas III					1084
1085	Heinrich IV invades Italy and drives Pope Gregory VII out of Rome and the Pope dies in exile prisoner of the Normans who have repelled the Germans but also sacked Rome	Vacant,							1085
1086	Alfonso I of Castile conquers Toledo	157 Victor III							1086
1087						William II Rufus			1087
1088	A monk of Cluny is elected Pope Urban II	158 Urban II							1088
1093	Henry of Burgundy (Bourgogne) comes to the aid of Castile (Spain) when it is invaded by Moors and becomes Count of Portugal Anselm becomes Archbishop of Canterbury								1093
1095	1095-1291: Holy Wars - The 7 Crusades Pope Urban II responding to an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos calls for a Crusade against the Muslims								1095
1096	1096-1099 First Crusade,defeats Seljuks,recaptures Jerusalem Jews are persecuted by the Crusaders								1096
1098	The Crusaders capture Antioch								1098
1099	(June): After a perilous overland journey that takes nearly three years, the Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem Fall of Jerusalem Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon capture Jerusalem Vallombrosa monk Raniero becomes Pope Paschal II	159 Paschal II							1099
1100	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM 1100-1300: Construction of the Chartres Cathedral in France England's king Henry I fights with Pope Pasquale II on the issue of lay investiture (the king elects the bishops					Henry I Beauclerc			1100
1102		[Albert]							1102
1103	The Danish king Erik Ejegod (Erik I) obtains that Lund become the archiepiscopal see for the whole of Scandinavia								1103
1105		[Sylvester]							1105
1107	The Concordat of London finds a compromise between England's king Henry I and Pope Pasquale II on the issue of lay investiture (the king elects the bishops								1107
1108	1108-37: Louis VI, King of France, consolidates royal power						Louis VI (the Fat)		1108
1111	Paschal II resolves the conflict between Church and Empire by renouncing all of the Church's earthly possessions and by embracing apostolic poverty			John IX					1111
1113	The Pope recognizes the Hospital of Saint John as separate monastic order (the Hospitallers) with headquarters in Acre								1113
1115	Bernard of Clairvaux founds a Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux and begins a campaign against Cluny								1115
1118	Paschal II dies	160 Gelasius II			John II Comenus				1118
1119	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM The Crusaders set up new Christian states in the Holy land. The new orders of knights, Templars and the Hospitalers, are founded. These knights are also monks. They defend the Crusaders' states against Muslim attacks and protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land	161 Calixtus II							1119
1122	Pope Calixtus II and German emperor Heinrich V sign the Concordat of Worms that resolves the "investiture controversy" by granting the emperor veto power over the German Church								1122
1123	Lateran Council I								1123
1124		162 Honorius II							1124
1130		163 Innocent II							1130
1134				Stypiotes					1134
1135						Stephen			1135
1137	Benedictine monk Suger builds the cathedral of Saint-Denis in a new style the gothic style						Louis VII (the Young)		1137
1138		[Victor IV]							1138
1139	Alfonso of Portugal declares Portugal independent from Leon and Castile								1139
1141	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM The philospher Pierre Abelard is condemned as heretic and is books are burned for his views on the Trinity and his love for Heloise					Empress Matilda			1141
1142	Some Crusaders settle in the Holy Land. They begin constructing Krak des Chevaliers (Castle of the Knights) in Syria. The underground storerooms of this magnificent castle contain enough supplies of food and arms to withstand a five-year siege								1142
1143	Treat of Zamora, Leon recognizes Portugal's independence	164 Celestine II		Michael II Curcuas	Manuel I				1143
1144	Later Crusades were the result of setbacks, like the fall of Edessa in 1144 and, much worse, the loss of Jerusalem in 1187. The Popes began to labor constantly to put together forces that could recover the Christian position in Outremer. The Third Crusade was the most powerful and direct, but it fell short. Much, much worse was the Fourth Crusade, which was redirected by the Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo, to the purposes of Venice. Pope Innocent III first had to excommunicate everyone for the use of the army in Dalmatia, and then the Venicians took it, not to Palestine, but to Constantinople. This could be seen as undoing the Schism between the Chruches, since now there was a Latin Emperor and Latin Patriarch in Romania, but it didn't accomplish the real purpose. Nor did it last long. Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a second Crusade to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and Louis VII of France and Konrad III of Germany join the crusaders but they are defeated by the Muslims	165 Lucius II							1144
1145	Almohads take over Muslim Spain	166 Eugenius III							1145
1146	1146-48: Second Crusade, Louis VII on the crusade			Cosmas II Atticus					1146
1147	1147-1149 Second Crusade Jews are persecuted by the Crusaders			Nicholas IV Muzalon					1147
1151				Theodotus II					1151
1152	Pope annuls marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine								1152
1153		167 Anastasius IV		[Neophytus I]					1153
1154	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Henry II of Anjou marries Eleanor of Aquitaine and England begins to form the Angevin Empire in France	168 Adrian IV		Constantine IV Chiliarenus		Henry II Curtmantle			1154
1156				Lucas Chrysoberges					1156
1159	French theologian John of Salisbury publishes the "Policraticus first doctrine of the separation of church and state but with the state subordinate to the church	169 Alexander III							1159
1160	Alexander III excommunicates Friedrich I "Barbarossa								1160
1162	Friedrich I "Barbarossa" raids Rome and Milan								1162
1164	Sweden obtains an archbishop	[Paschal III]							1164
1165	Thomas Becket named Archbishop of Centerbury Cathedral, head of the church of England								1165
1168	A Spaniard is elected pope Calixtus III	[Calixtus (III)]							1168
1170	Henry II's men murder Thomas Becket			Michael III of Anchialus					1170
1177	Barbarossa recognizes Alexander III as Pope and is forgiven			Chariton Eugeniotes					1177
1179	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Lateran Council III Pope recognizes Portugal's independence			Theodosius I Boradiotes					1179
1180	1180-1223: Philip II Augustus reigns in France the Jewish philosopher Maimonides attempts to bridge the Talmud and Aristotle in the "Guide for the Perplexed				Alexius II		Philip II Augustus		1180
1181	The Muslim warrior Saladin becomes Sultan of Egypt. He is a brilliant military commander who unites the Muslim army	170 Lucius III							1181
1183				Basil II Camaterus	Andronicus I				1183
1184	Pope Lucius III excommunicates Peter Waldo founder of the anti-Cluniac ascetic Waldensians ("poor men of Lyons")								1184
1185	1185-1211: Sancho I reigns in Portugal	171 Urban III			Isaac II				1185
1186	The Vlachs rebel against the Byzantine Empire. Foundation of the Bulgaro-Vlach Empire			Nicetas II Muntanes					1186
1187	Saladin crushes the crusaders armies at Hittin Jerusalem falls to the Muslims Saladdin retakes Jerusalem	172 Gregory VIII							1187
1189	1189-1192 Third Crusade the third Crusade is led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England king Philip Augustus II of France and emperor Frederick Barbarossa			Dositheus of Jerusalem		Richard I The Lionheart			1189
1190	The Teutonic Knights are founded by German lords to fight in the crusade establish their capital at Acre and adopt the Templars' white mantle and the Hospitallers' rule								1190
1191	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Richard I conquers Cyprus and captures the city of Acre	174 Celestine III		Dositheus of Jerusalem					1191
1192	Richard I captures Jaffa makes peace with Saladin; on the way home he is captured by his enemy Duke Leopold of Austria								1192
1194	Richard is ransomed and returned to England								1194
1195	The Tale of Robin Hood is said to have taken place during these times when Richard was imprisoned after having left on the Third Crusade and John ruled in his stead.				Alexius III				1195
1198	Cardinal Lothario Conti is elected pope Innocent III	175 Innocent III		John X Camaterus					1198
1199	1199-1204: Fourth Crusade Philip II of France begins military conquest of British Normandy and Anjou					John Lackland			1199
1200	The Jews are expelled from England								1200
1202	1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; Constantinople taken by Crusaders in employ of Venice, first break in line of Roman (Rhomaic/Byzantine) Emperors								1202
1203					Isaac II (restored) with Alexius IV				1203
1204	Fourth Crusade Fall of Constantinople to the Latins. The armies of the Fourth Crusade never reach the Holy Land. Instead, they raid Constantinople, capital of the Christian Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders pillage the city and put its inhabitants to the sword the Crusaders led by Venezia sack Constantinople				Alexius V Ducas Murtzuphlus				1204
1206	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM Francis of Assisi gives up his wealth and adopts a life of absolute poverty								1206
1207				Michael IV Autorianus					1207
1208	1208-1261 Patriarchate at Nicaea pope Innocent III launches a crusade against the Catharist/Albigensian and the Waldensian heretics								1208
1209	London Bridge built: Peace between England and Scotland 1209-1229 Albigensian Crusade Cambridge University is founded in England; Innocent III excommunicates John for attacks on Church property								1209
1210	The Pope recognizes the Franciscan order of mendicant friars								1210
1212	Christians defeat Almohad Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa, Almohads expelled from Spain shortly after and Christian reconquest continues the Jews of Toledo are massacred by the Crusaders								1212
1213				Theodore II Irenicus					1213
1214	Philip II of France defeats the combined armies of the Holy Roman Empire and England at the Battle of Bouvines								1214
1215	King John forced to sign the Magna Carta Lateran Council IV the Dominican order of mendicant friars is founded in Languedoc the fourth Lateran council defines the seven sacraments (in particular marriage and confession) and prescribes that Jews be confined in ghettos			Maximus II					1215
1216	Innocent III dies	176 Honorius III				Henry III			1216
1217	JUMP TO TOP \| MIDDLE \| BOTTOM 1217-1221: The Fifth Crusade Emperor Friederich II grants lands to the Teutonic Knights in Sicily								1217
1219	Francis of Assisi preaches to the sultan of Egypt								1219
1222				Germanus II	John III Ducas Vatatzes				1222
1223	Genghis Khan invades Russia						Louis VIII (the Lion)		1223
1226	Emperor Friederich II grants the Teutonic Knights authority to restore order name in Prussia						Louis IX (St. Louis)		1226
1227	Count Ugolino is elected pope Gregory IX	177 Gregory IX							1227
1228	1228-29: The Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, reoccupies Jerusalem as part of a temporary peace treaty with the Muslims.								1228
1233	Spanish Inquisition begins Gregory IX institutes the Inquisition whose courts are mainly run by the Dominican monks pope Gregory IX issues a mandate for Inquisition against the heretics								1233
1238	Valencia is reconquered								1238
1240	Mongols take Kiev			Methodius II				&